Overview about oral films in mental disorders

Mental disorders are increasing worldwide, and efforts have been developed by multidisciplinary research groups to combine knowledge from different areas such as psychology, neuroscience, medicine, and biotechnology to develop strategies and products to promote the prevention of mental disorders. Excessive antipsychotic consumption is a public health problem, and innovative strategies must be devised. The development of innovative and, if possible, natural products is one of the strategies to combat this public health problem. Oral films are recent delivery systems that have been developed with several advantages that should be applied in this area. This review intends to draw attention to these new dosage forms of drugs and bioactive molecules pertinent to the field of mental health prevention and therapy and to the need for regulatory guidelines to ensure their quality and safety. This is a critical overview about strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to oral film implementation in mental disorder treatment.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

An exploratory study about the characterization of caffeine consumption in a Portuguese sample

Caffeine is one of the most used psychoactive substances worldwide, with an impact in multiple spheres (individual, social, and economic). In addition, there is evidence of the physiological, cognitive, and emotional effects after consumption. This study aimed to examine caffeine consumption in a Portuguese sample by characterizing and understanding the pattern of consumption and the reasons for it. The sample was composed of 208 subjects recruited through the university’s social media channels to answer an online questionnaire between April and June 2020. The results showed a higher consumption in males and the group of subjects aged between 31 and 35 years. The coffee “express” is the most consumed source of caffeine in this Portuguese sample (70.2%). The data showed that improvement in alertness and the taste of products with caffeine were the main reasons for consuming caffeinated products. In conclusion, this study calls attention to the characterization of caffeine consumption to understand the need for such consumption and its effects on body functions and health. It is important to highlight the potential benefit of caffeine consumption due to its impact on the quality of life and health since this substance has effects not only on physical and mental health but also on social well-being.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Purification and biochemical/molecular characterisation of antimicrobial peptides produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and evaluation of their mode of action

Doutoramento em Engenharia Alimentar / Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThe antagonistic effect exerted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae against other microbial species during wine fermentations was recently ascribed to its capacity to secrete antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The main goal of the present work was to purify, identify and characterize those AMPs. Firstly, the AMPs were purified by means of chromatographic techniques (sizeexclusion and ion-exchange) and then characterized regarding their amino acid sequence, codifying genes and antimicrobial/biochemical properties. Analysis of the purified AMPs by mass spectrometry revealed that the natural biocide is mainly composed by two peptides (AMP1 and AMP2/3) derived from the isoenzymes of the glycolytic protein glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The spectrum of action of the naturally-excreted AMPs, which we named saccharomycin, is wide and includes several wine-related non-Saccharomyces yeasts, such as Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Lachancea thermotolerans and Dekkera bruxellensis, as well as bacteria such as Oenococcus oeni. The antimicrobial effect of saccharomycin is significantly higher than that of synthetic analogues (AMP1 and AMP2/3) and depends on their complementary action and relative proportion. The mode of action of the AMPs was evaluated against sensitive yeast cells. The AMPs induce cell membrane permeabilization, loss of pH homeostasis and increase/decrease of H+-influx/-efflux. They also induce cell molecular markers typical of death by apoptosis in H. guilliermondii. Our work also revealed the accumulation of these GAPDHderived peptides on the surface of stationary-grown (48 h) cells of S. cerevisiae, which induce death of non-Saccharomyces yeasts (H. guilliermondii and L. thermotolerans) by direct cell-cell contact. Finally, S. cerevisiae strains over-expressing these AMPs prevented growth of D. bruxellensis in co-fermentations, decreasing the levels of sulphur dioxide needed to control wine spoilage. Thus, the potential of these AMPs to be used as biopreservative in wine seems promisingN/

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of white tea (Camellia sinensis) in running trained rats

Orientadores: Mário Roberto Maróstica Junior, Gustavo Bernardes FanaroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: A prática regular de exercício físico proporciona diversos benefícios à saúde e maior longevidade. Contudo, exercícios agudos ou exaustivos estão associados com níveis elevados de estresse oxidativo, lesão muscular e inflamação, os quais podem refletir negativamente no rendimento físico e na saúde de seus praticantes. O chá branco (Camellia sinensis) é uma bebida abundante em compostos fenólicos, pouco estudada do ponto de vista nutricional, e que desperta interesse quanto as suas propriedades funcionais no organismo. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da ingestão de chá branco em marcadores de estresse oxidativo e de inflamação de ratos treinados em corrida, após uma sessão aguda de exercício físico exaustivo. Ratos Wistar foram divididos em grupos que receberam: 1) Chá branco (5 g de planta por L de água); 2), Chá branco diluído em água (50:50; v/v); ou 3) Água. As bebidas foram ingeridas, ad libitum, por 5 ou 10 semanas, concomitantemente a um treinamento de corrida. Testes de exaustão foram aplicados antes e após os períodos experimentais. Após a eutanásia o soro e o fígado dos animais foram coletados para análise. Como resultado, o programa de treinamento de corrida utilizado foi capaz de melhorar o rendimento dos animais treinados durante o teste de exaustão com relação aos animais sedentários. O chá branco foi bem aceito e não promoveu alteração de peso corporal ou peso dos órgãos dos animais. A ingestão do chá branco por 10 semanas, em ambas concentrações, promoveu maior capacidade antioxidante no soro dos animais apesar de não ter potencializado as defesas antioxidantes endógenas quando comparado à ingestão de água. O chá branco, em ambas concentrações, atenuou eficientemente a peroxidação lipídica no fígado dos animais após 10 semanas de ingestão. Além disso, aqueles animais que receberam o chá branco diluído durante 10 semanas também apresentaram maior atividade das enzimas antioxidantes e conteúdo de glutationa reduzida no fígado comparados aos animais que receberam água, sugerindo um efeito protetor do chá branco contra danos oxidativos neste órgão. Em nível sérico, a concentração de marcadores inflamatórios (interleucina-1ß e interleucina-6) pode ser reduzida após a ingestão de chá branco em relação a ingestão de água. Como conclusão, a ingestão de chá branco por longos períodos pode contribuir para a promoção de um estado antioxidante favorável de ratos submetidos a uma sessão de exercício físico exaustivoAbstract: A routine of regular exercise is related to many health benefits and improves longevity. However, acute or exhaustive exercises sessions are associated with high levels of oxidative stress, muscle injury and inflammation, which could negatively affect performance and health. White tea (Camellia sinensis) is a polyphenol-rich beverage, poorly studied from the nutritional point of view, and arouses the interest in its functional properties in the body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of white tea intake on the oxidative stress and inflammatory markers of running-trained rats after an acute strenuous bout of exercise. The Wistar rats were divided into groups which received: 1) White tea (5 g of plant per L of water); 2) Water diluted white tea (50:50; v/v); or 3) Water. The drinks were consumed, ad libitum, for 5 or 10 weeks, concomitantly with the running training. Exhaustion tests were applied before and after the experimental periods. After euthanasia, serum and liver were collected for analysis. The applied running training protocol was able to improve the performance of the trained animals during the exhaustion test in relation to sedentary animals. White teas was well accepted and did not promote changes in body weight or organ weight of the animals. The white tea intake for 10 weeks, in both concentrations, promoted greater serum antioxidant capacity of the animals despite has not enhanced the endogenous antioxidant defenses compared to the water intake. White tea, in both concentrations, effectively attenuated the lipid peroxidation in the liver of the animals after 10 weeks of ingestion. Furthermore, the animals that received diluted white tea for 10 weeks also presented higher antioxidant enzymes activities and reduced glutathione content in the liver compared to the animals that received water, suggesting a protective effect against oxidative damages in this organ. At serum level, the inflammatory markers contents (interleukin-1ß and interleukin-6) could be reduced after the white tea intake in relation to the water intake. In conclusion, a long-term white tea intake could help to promote a favorable antioxidant status of rats subjected to an acute exhaustive exerciseMestradoNutrição Básica Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de AlimentosMestra em Alimentos e Nutrição132088/2016-9CNP

CAPM: an application to the Portuguese companies in the retail sector

The objective of this study is to estimate the CAPM for the two Portuguese retail companies listed in the PSI-20 (JMT and SON) and assess how the two of them evolve regarding the Portuguese market index. This study covered sixteen years (pre and post-subprime crisis) and, based on estimation results, we established a comparison between the relation of each company with the PSI-20. We also analysed the differences before and after the 2008 financial crisis. For this purpose, the estimation of α and β coefficients was done by using the OLS method, and the adequacy of the model was checked by verifying the statistical significance of the regression coefficients and the fulfilment of the OLS assumptions. Finally, the main conclusion is that the two companies tend to behave differently concerning the Portuguese market index. All the beta estimates were statistically significant, meaning that changes in the PSI-20 returns will influence the changes on each company’s returns, which is in line with the CAPM. However, except for two periods for JMT, the alpha estimates were statistically significant, meaning that there were additional factors other than the market risk premium that explained the expected value of excess returns. We could also note that the expected returns for JMT went from a negative value (pre-crisis) to a positive value (post-crisis), while for SON there was a decline in the alpha value.O objetivo deste estudo é estimar o CAPM para as duas empresas de distribuição portuguesas que estão listadas no PSI-20 (JMT e SON) e avaliarmos como é que elas evoluem em relação ao índice de mercado português. Este trabalho abrangeu um período de dezasseis anos (pré e pós-crise do subprime) e, com base nos resultados das estimativas, fizemos uma comparação entre a relação de cada empresa com o PSI-20. Posteriormente analisámos as diferenças entre o antes e o após da crise financeira de 2008. Para isso, estimámos os coeficientes α e β através do método OLS e a adequação do modelo foi verificada através da significância estatística dos coeficientes da regressão e do cumprimento das hipóteses do método. Por fim, a principal conclusão é que as duas empresas tendem a comportar-se de maneira diferente em relação ao índice de mercado português. Todas as estimativas do beta são estatisticamente significativas, o que significa que as mudanças na rendibilidade do PSI-20 influenciam as mudanças nos retornos de cada empresa, o que está alinhado com o CAPM. No entanto, com exceção de dois períodos para a JMT, as estimativas para o alfa são estatisticamente significativas, o que significa que, além do prémio de risco de mercado, há outros fatores que explicam o valor esperado dos retornos em excesso. Também pudemos observar que os retornos esperados para a JMT passaram de um valor negativo (pré-crise) para um valor positivo (pós-crise), enquanto para a SON houve um declínio no valor de alfa

Perceptions of probiotics and Kombucha consumption in relation to emotion regulation: an exploratory study comparing Portugal and Brazil

Probiotic products have been the focus of research for several years due to the potential of their biological properties to impact mental health, mood, and cognitive functions. Kombucha is a probiotic drink that has been reported to be beneficial for mental health, particularly at the level of emotion regulation. This study aims to understand the perception of the Portuguese and Brazilian populations regarding the consumption of probiotics and Kombucha, as well as to understand these consumers’ perceptions related to the impact on emotion regulation (and the impact of this consumption on emotion regulation). The research was conducted through an online questionnaire and had a total sample of 256 participants. The results show that there are no statistically significant differences between the consumption of probiotics and Kombucha when comparing the Portuguese and Brazilian samples. Additionally, this study reveals a significant association between probiotic consumption patterns in both the Portuguese and Brazilian samples. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between the consumption of probiotics and Kombucha and emotion regulation. This study intends to contribute to the increase in knowledge about the perception of probiotics and Kombucha consumption in relation to emotion regulation, and to draw attention to the importance of this topic in the community (society, academia, and industry).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Luto e comportamentos suicidários nos idosos da Cova da Beira

O suicídio é um ato que gera repercussões importantes em todos os contextos, desde o familiar até ao amplo contexto social, incluindo os profissionais de saúde. O suicídio retrata uma situação na qual, o sujeito decide acabar com a própria vida, tentando assim, livrar-se de uma situação de dor psíquica insuportável. Por cada suicídio consumado estima-se que haja cerca de 20 a 30 comportamentos suicidários, em que só um quarto tem contacto com os serviços de saúde (Kaplan, Adanek, Martin, 2001). De acordo com alguns estudos, estima-se que o número de suicídios, bem como os comportamentos suicidários e o seu impacto na sociedade têm vindo a aumentar ao longo do tempo. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS, 2001) estima que em 2020, aproximadamente 1,53 milhões de pessoas morrerão por suicídio no mundo. O suicídio é, atualmente, uma das três principais causas de morte entre os jovens e adultos de 15 aos 34 anos, embora a maioria dos casos aconteça entre pessoas com mais de 60 anos. Ainda conforme informações da OMS, a média de suicídios aumentou 60% nos últimos 50 anos, em particular nos países em desenvolvimento. O que se observa é que, com o aumento da idade, aumenta também o risco depressivo e a tendência para o suicídio. São muitos os fatores que podem justificar este padrão de suicidalidade. Do ponto de vista clínico, a doença psiquiátrica, o alcoolismo, a doença física, a doença terminal e, o próprio medo das doenças, constituem nas camadas mais envelhecidas, fatores de risco que podem conduzir ao suicídio. Por sua vez, do ponto de vista social, o isolamento, o sentimento de solidão, os problemas interpessoais, os próprios eventos de vida, amplificados com a desvalorização social do idoso e outras discriminações, condicionam também a suicidalidade nos idosos. Cada suicídio provoca uma devastação emocional e social entre familiares e amigos (sobreviventes), causando um impacto que pode perdurar por muitos anos, podendo causar repercussões a diversos níveis. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho de investigação é conhecer as vivências sentidas pelos familiares no processo de luto dos idosos que se suicidaram. Utiliza-se, como instrumento de colheita de dados, uma entrevista semi-estruturada onde carateriza-se a amostra e, utilizam-se como instrumentos de investigação de suporte ao estudo, o Inventário de Luto Complicado de Prigerson et al. (1995) traduzido por Frade (2010), a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, GDS-30 de Yesavage et al. (1983) traduzida por Barreto et al. (2008), a Escala de Satisfação Social de Ribeiro (1999) e a Escala de Apgar Familiar de Smilkstein (1978) versão portuguesa de Agostinho & Rebelo (1988). A amostra é constituída pelos familiares de idosos que tenham cometido o suicídio e, que residam nos concelhos da Cova da Beira, no período compreendido entre 2005 a 2011. A constituição da amostra foi obtida através da referenciação dos casos notificados pela comunicação social, Presidentes de Juntas de Freguesias, párocos ou outras fontes públicas, assim como, dados cedidos pelo Comando Territorial de Castelo Branco (polícia). A amostra constituída tem um total de 17 familiares/sobreviventes em que a idade varia dos [35 aos 72 anos], maioritariamente idosos (10), cuja idade média é de 59 anos. É uma amostra com predominância do género feminino (12) e do estado civil viúvo (8). Dos familiares viúvos, vivem 6 sozinhos, tendo ajuda do(s) filho(s) que, na maioria dos casos vive distante, noutro distrito ou mesmo país. Ainda dos familiares viúvos (8), 7 são mulheres, ou seja, esposas do suicida. Observa-se também na amostra que, os familiares são predominantes do meio rural (11), com hábitos religiosos (15), cujo nível de escolaridade é o ensino primário (6) e referem a presença de doenças crónicas (10), nomeadamente, a depressão, os problemas osteoarticulares e cardíacos. O método mais utilizado pelo suicida foi o enforcamento, ocorrendo em 12 casos, dos quais 5 ocorreram em casa, e 7 fora de casa, numa distância próxima (jardim, palheiro). O ano com mais casos notificados foi 2010, com 5 casos, seguidamente de 2005 com 4 casos, 2009 e 2011 com 3 casos, respetivamente, e 2006 e 2007 com 1 caso notificado, respetivamente. As vivências mais manifestadas pelos familiares enlutados em relação ao suicídio foram a saudade (17), a tristeza (15), o choque (14), o abandono (13), o desamparo (11), a solidão (10), a revolta (7), a incredibilidade (6), a angústia (12), o evitamento (9), a aceitação (5) e a ansiedade (4). No que diz respeito ao luto complicado, verificou-se em 12 familiares, e em relação à depressão geriátrica verificaram-se 3 casos de depressão grave e 3 casos de depressão ligeira. Em termos da funcionalidade familiar (Escala de Apgar), os resultados traduzem uma amostra em que a relação familiar é altamente funcional, presente em 9 casos, que vai de encontro aos resultados obtidos pela escala de Satisfação do Suporte Social, cuja amostra apresenta resultados que traduzem uma perceção de maior suporte social. A amostra em estudo revelou ter alguns fatores de risco, nomeadamente isolamento, solidão, angústia a noção de abandono. Além disso apresentou níveis elevados de luto complicado e depressão. Revelou também a importância dos laços, da estrutura e do suporte social e familiar nas famílias enlutas. Urge compreender como as pessoas lidam com o problema do suicídio e, surge então, a importância do conceito pósvenção (postvention). É fundamental ter conhecimento destas alterações profundas para que se atenue o impacto negativo das mesmas e se potencie o seu impacto positivo num futuro próximo. Este é potenciado através da elaboração de plataformas de intervenção que reforcem os fatores protetores e minimizem os fatores de risco.Suicide is an act that generates substantial effects in all contexts, from the familiar to the wider social context, including health professionals. Suicide portrays a situation in which the subject decides to end his own life, trying to get rid of a situation of unbearable psychic pain. For every completed suicide it is estimated that there are about 20 to 30 suicidal behaviors, in which only one quarter have contact with health services (Kaplan, Adanek, Martin, 2001). According to some studies, it is estimated that the number of suicide and suicidal behavior and its impact on society have increased over time. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2001) estimates that in 2020, approximately 1.53 million people die by suicide in the world. Suicide is currently one of the top three causes of death among young adults 15 to 34 years, although most cases occur among people over 60 years. Still according to the WHO, the average suicide rate increased by 60% over the past 50 years, particularly in developing countries. What is seen is that with increasing age, also increases the risk of depression and suicidal tendencies. There are many factors that can explain this pattern of suicidality. From a clinical standpoint, psychiatric illness, alcoholism, physical illness, terminal illness and his own fear of diseases, are amongst the most aged, risk factors that can lead to suicide. In turn, from the standpoint of social isolation, loneliness, interpersonal problems, their own life events, amplified with the devaluation of the elderly and other social discriminations, also influence the suicidality in the elderly. Each suicide provokes an emotional and social devastation among family and friends (survivors), causing an impact that can last for many years, may cause repercussions at different levels. The overall goal of this research work is to know the experiences felt by the family in the grieving process of the elderly who committed suicide. It is used as an instrument of data collection, a semi-structured interview which characterizes the sample and is used as research tools to support the study, including the Inventory of Complicated Grief of Prigerson et al. (1995) translated by Frade (2010), the Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS-30 Yesavage et al. (1983) translated by Barreto et al. (2008), the Satisfaction Scale Social Ribeiro (1999) and the Family Apgar Scale Smilkstein (1978) English version of Augustine & Rebelo (1988). The sample comprises the relatives of elderly who committed suicide and who reside in the counties of Cova da Beira, in the period from 2005 to 2011. The constitution of the sample was obtained through the referral of cases reported by the media, presidents together of parishes, priests or other public sources, as well as data provided by the Territorial Command of Castelo Branco (police). The sample has made a total of 17 families / survivors in that age ranged from [35 to 72 years], mostly elderly (10), whose average age is 59 years. It is a sample was predominantly female (12) and widowers (8). Widowers of family, living all alone, with the help (s) child (ren) that, in most cases lives far away, in another state or even country. Although the family widowed (8), 7 are women, ie wives of suicide. It is also observed in the sample, the families are prevalent in rural areas (11), with religious habits (15), whose level of education is primary education (6) and relate the presence of chronic diseases (10), namely, depression, osteoarticular and cardiac disease. The most used method for suicide was hanging, occurring in 12 cases, of which 5 occurred at home and 7 away from home, in a close distance (yard barn). The year with the most reported cases was 2010, with 5 cases, then 2005 with 4 cases, 2011 and 2009 with 3 cases and 2006 e 2007 with one cases, respectively. The more experiences expressed by bereaved families regarding suicide were longing (17), sadness (15), shock (14), abandonment (13), helplessness (11), loneliness (10), the revolt (7) the incredibility (6), anxiety (12), avoidance (9), accepting (5) and anxiety (4). With respect to bereavement complicated, it has been found in 12 families, and for the geriatric depression there have been three major depressive illness and three cases of mild depression. In terms of family functionality (Apgar Scale), the results represent a sample in which the family relationship is highly functional, present in 9 cases, which goes against the findings of the scale of satisfaction of social support, which presents sample results reflect a greater perception of social support. The study sample was found to have certain risk factors, including isolation, loneliness, anguish the notion of abandonment. Moreover showed high levels of complicated grief and depression. It also revealed the importance of the bonds, the structure and the social and family support in suicide survivor. Understand how people deal with the problem of suicide, and then comes the importance the postvention. It is essential to have knowledge of these fundamental changes that attenuates the negative impact of these and enhances their positive impact in the future. This is enhanced by developing platforms for action that strengthen protective factors and minimize risk factors

Salivary biomarkers in psychological stress diagnosis

Background: Nowadays, the search for biomarkers has attracted attention in medical and psychological sciences. The biomarkers are crucial to prevent diseases, to detect pathologies and to induce quality of life in patients. Recent studies evaluate stress biomarkers and provide information about physiological and psychological organism reactions to stressors. These biomarkers can be assessed via motoring corporal fluids (serum, plasma, urine and salivary fluid) and the proteins most used within stress salivary biomarkers are cortisol, α-amylase, proinflammatory cytokines, and catecholamines. The aim of this paper is to review systematically the scientific literature about the evaluation of salivary biomarkers in psychological stress diagnostic. Main Body: A systematic literature search review of Pubmed, Medline and Scopus database using the terms "salivary biomarkers” AND "psychological stress" AND “diagnostic” showed an increase in the number of studies using salivary biomarkers. It was analyzed all the existing articles (between 1997 and 2015). The inclusion criteria were: salivary biomarkers in diagnosis psychological stress, papers written in English. It was excluded the articles outside the scope of the subject, studies of animal disease models, stress methodologies and laboratory protocols, religious practices and stress; publications in languages other than English, and articles with unavailable information. After applying the methodology, 54 scientific articles were included in the study and analyzed. The review proved that salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase biomarkers are more used to diagnosis stress diseases. Of the 54 articles analyzed: 79% referred to cortisol biomarker as most biomarker used, followed by salivary amylase. These two salivary biomarkers jointly accounted 27% of the articles referred. Conclusions: This literature review is based on the contribution of salivary biomarkers to psychological stress diagnosis, understanding the diseases and their responses to treatment.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

COVID-19 activity screening by a smart-data-driven multi-band voice analysis

COVID-19 is a disease caused by the new coronavirus SARS-COV-2 which can lead to severe respiratory infections. Since its first detection it caused more than six million worldwide deaths. COVID-19 diagnosis non-invasive and low-cost methods with faster and accurate results are still needed for a fast disease control. In this research, 3 different signal analyses have been applied (per broadband, per sub-bands and per broadband & sub-bands) to Cough, Breathing & Speech signals of Coswara dataset to extract non-linear patterns (Energy, Entropies, Correlation Dimension, Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, Lyapunov Exponent & Fractal Dimensions) for feeding a XGBoost classifier to discriminate COVID-19 activity on its different stages. Classification accuracies ranged between 83.33% and 98.46% have been achieved, surpassing the state-of-art methods in some comparisons. It should be empathized the 98.46% of accuracy reached on pair Healthy Controls vs all COVID-19 stages. The results shows that the method may be adequate for COVID-19 diagnosis screening assistance.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Kombucha: challenges for health and mental health

Background: Increasing research into probiotics is showing potential benefits for health in general and mental health in particular. Kombucha is a recent beverage and can be considered a probiotic drink, but little is known about its effects on physical and mental health. This product is experiencing growth in the market; however, there are no scientific results to support its potential for physical and mental health. Aim: This review article aims to draw attention to this issue and to highlight the lack of studies in this area. Key findings and conclusions: The lack of legislation for the correct marketing of this product may also constrain clinical studies. However, clinical studies are of utmost importance for an in-depth understanding of the effects of this product on the human body. More research is needed, not only to better understand the impact of Kombucha on the human body, but also to ensure the application of regulatory guidelines for its production and marketing and enable its safe and effective consumption.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio